FreeInternetSearch$1.6 T FreeEmail$607.4 B FreeMaps$142.2 B EconomicValue$66.3 B FreeVideo$16.1 B MedicalServices$9.3 B FreeSocialMedia$4.8 B Water$2.7 B Education$1.9 B Redistribution$1.7 B HealthcareR&D$1.7 B MedicalDevices$1.3 B CropProduction$918.9 M Pharmaceuticals$624.5 M Sanitation$436.0 M HygienicProducts$215.9 M FreeMusic$121.9 M Shelter$74.2 M FreeMessaging$34.9 M DataHarvesting-$50.7 B InternetAddiction-$4.7 B WorkplaceInjuries-$2.6 B GreenhouseGases-$2.0 B Taxation-$1.6 B AirPollution-$1.4 B BiofuelProduction-$1.4 B FoodWaste-$759.5 M WageTheft-$381.8 M Tobacco-$292.4 M TravelInjuries-$271.3 M FoodLoss-$178.1 M Discrimination-$157.6 M CalorieConversion-$119.0 M War-$81.4 M FoodAddiction-$81.2 M OpioidAbuse-$60.6 M NoisePollution-$39.6 M UyghurSlaveLabor-$38.9 M DisorderedGambling-$38.2 M PrivatePrisons-$36.1 M Alcohol-$26.0 M BreastmilkSubstitutes-$25.0 M PlasticPollution-$17.9 M CivilianFirearms-$7.7 M AdultEntertainment-$4.5 M Fermentation-$2.4 M NuclearPower-$2.1 M ForProfitHealthcare-$1.9 M Non-PlasticWaterPollution-$1.1 M ChildLabor:MininginDRC-$606.2 K PaydayLending-$266.5 K Alphabet, Inc.'sFree Internet Search Impact: $1.6 TPeople have access to free or nearlyfree internet services. Our researchfinds that such necessary and/or enjoyableservices provide a large amount of valueto those who use them. Companies that providethese free internet services are attributedpositive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sFree Email Impact: $607.4 BPeople have access to free or nearlyfree internet services. Our researchfinds that such necessary and/or enjoyableservices provide a large amount of valueto those who use them. Companies that providethese free internet services are attributedpositive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sFree Maps Impact: $142.2 BPeople have access to free or nearlyfree internet services. Our researchfinds that such necessary and/or enjoyableservices provide a large amount of valueto those who use them. Companies that providethese free internet services are attributedpositive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sEconomic Value Impact: $66.3 BCompanies produce economic value byoffering to consumers goods and servicesthat they value, paying employees fortheir labor in producing these goods andservices, and providing value forshareholders.Alphabet, Inc.'sFree Video Impact: $16.1 BPeople have access to free or nearlyfree internet services. Our researchfinds that such necessary and/or enjoyableservices provide a large amount of valueto those who use them. Companies that providethese free internet services are attributedpositive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sMedical Services Impact: $9.3 BCompanies involved in the production anddistribution of medical devices andpharmaceuticals and the delivery of medicalservices contribute to the beneficial impactof healthcare on life expectancy andquality of life.Alphabet, Inc.'sFree Social Media Impact: $4.8 BPeople have access to free or nearlyfree internet services. Our researchfinds that such necessary and/or enjoyableservices provide a large amount of valueto those who use them. Companies that providethese free internet services are attributedpositive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sWater Impact: $2.7 BWater is necessary for human life. Unsafedrinking water results in many avoidabledeaths around the world due to diseaseslike dysentery and cholera. Companiesinvolved in supplying safe drinking waterto people help prevent diseases andsupport life.Alphabet, Inc.'sEducation Impact: $1.9 BModern economies require an educated laborforce and the government institution ofcompulsory public education has spreadthroughout the world as individual economieshave transitioned into the modern age.Educational attainment in a country is asignificant contributor to levels of per capita GDP.Company contributions to government education stemfrom the taxes that companies pay to broadlyfinance government.Alphabet, Inc.'sRedistribution Impact: $1.7 BPassive redistribution of income has measurablebenefits for social outcomes due to the diminishingrelative utility of incremental income for wealthierhouseholds. Progressive taxation that improves the Ginicoefficient for disposable income as compared to marketincome has been observed to improve both economicgrowth and life expectancies.Alphabet, Inc.'sHealthcare R&D Impact: $1.7 BPharmaceutical research and development(R&D) by drug companies has greatlycontributed to advancing the effectivenessof healthcare, specifically therapeutics.This has resulted in a large increase inlife expectancy and quality of life.Alphabet, Inc.'sMedical Devices Impact: $1.3 BCompanies involved in the production anddistribution of medical devices andpharmaceuticals and the delivery of medicalservices contribute to the beneficial impactof healthcare on life expectancy andquality of life.Alphabet, Inc.'sCrop Production Impact: $918.9 MFood is necessary for human life, and mostfood is grown. Food in the form of meat ordairy also requires supplemental feed thatis grown. Companies involved in the production,harvesting, storage, transportation, or saleof food or any other activity that brings foodto consumers are attributed a large amount ofHumankind Value for supporting human life.Alphabet, Inc.'sPharmaceuticals Impact: $624.5 MCompanies involved in the production anddistribution of medical devices andpharmaceuticals and the delivery of medicalservices contribute to the beneficial impactof healthcare on life expectancy andquality of life.Alphabet, Inc.'sSanitation Impact: $436.0 MAccess to sanitation facilities isconsidered to be a basic human right.The main goal of basic sanitation servicesis to safely reduce human exposure topathogens, which may present a risk tohumans who come in contact with them.Companies providing wastewater services topeople help prevent diseases and support life.Alphabet, Inc.'sHygienic Products Impact: $215.9 MCompanies that offer hygiene productsreceive a positive Humankind Value in ourresearch as these products extend lifeexpectancies by reducing the burden ofinfectious disease. Companies that offerhygiene related products, such as soap,are attributed positive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sFree Music Impact: $121.9 MPeople have access to free or nearlyfree internet services. Our researchfinds that such necessary and/or enjoyableservices provide a large amount of valueto those who use them. Companies that providethese free internet services are attributedpositive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sShelter Impact: $74.2 MShelter is a basic human need. Shelterprovides security from the elements,enables the human need to rest, andbrings other benefits. Companies involvedin the construction, maintenance, andaccess to shelter are attributedpositive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sFree Messaging Impact: $34.9 MPeople have access to free or nearlyfree internet services. Our researchfinds that such necessary and/or enjoyableservices provide a large amount of valueto those who use them. Companies that providethese free internet services are attributedpositive Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sData Harvesting Impact: $50.7 BSome companies collect data on users oftheir services and provide it to otherentities for ends such as advertising. Ourresearch finds negative impact fromcompanies engaging in data harvesting dueto a lack of understanding by the users ofhow valuable their data is and how it is used.Companies that collect data from users oftheir services are attributed negativeHumankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sInternet Addiction Impact: $4.7 BInternet addiction is a behavioral patternwhere one loses the ability to controlinternet usage. Addiction can result in,among other things, harm to social andprofessional life, physical health, andmental health.Alphabet, Inc.'sWorkplace Injuries Impact: $2.6 BThe workplace can expose employees todangers that can lead to fatal and non-fatalinjuries and diseases. Companies areattributed negative Humankind Value basedon workplace injuries and disease thatoccur in their sector of the economy andregions where employees work.Alphabet, Inc.'sGreenhouse Gases Impact: $2.0 BIt is the consensus opinion in the climatescience community that greenhouse gasemissions are linked to climate change.Through the greenhouse effect, heat fromthe sun that normally returns to spacebecomes trapped in Earth's atmosphere. Thisinduces climate change, which bringsincreased risk of disease, temperature mortality,infrastructure damage due to extreme weatherevents, and reduced water resources, amongother negative effects on humanity.Alphabet, Inc.'sTaxation Impact: $1.6 BTaxation represents the underlying cost ofprovisioning government services. The HumankindValue of the benefits of such services exceedsthe taxes paid by society but that tax value mustbe deducted from governments in order to derive thenet excess benefitsAlphabet, Inc.'sAir Pollution Impact: $1.4 BParticulate matter, sulfur dioxide,nitrogen oxides, and other harmful airpollutants are generated by vehicles,manufacturing facilities, and other sources.Air pollution has a negative impact onhumanity through increased pulmonary,cardiovascular, and other diseases whichresult in lower life expectancyand quality of life.Alphabet, Inc.'sBiofuel Production Impact: $1.4 BBiofuel is a fuel derived from biomass,such as crops. Edible biomass sustainshuman life and, as a result, yields ahigh amount of Humankind Value. Somecompanies use inputs that couldcontribute to the food supply, like crops,for biofuel production. For thesecompanies we deduct Humankind Value tooffset some or all credit givenfor food production.Alphabet, Inc.'sFood Waste Impact: $759.5 MThe food production pipeline spans fromthe ground where crops are grown, to harvest,to transport to grocery stores and foodservices, and eventually to the consumer.Food waste occurs in later stages of thefood production pipeline such as retail,food services, and by the consumer. Companiesinvolved in food retail or food servicesare deducted Humankind Value for food waste.Alphabet, Inc.'sWage Theft Impact: $381.8 MFailure to pay wages or other remunerationemployees are legally entitled to is wage theft.Wage theft can take several forms, includingminimum wage violations and confiscating tips.Companies who engage in wage theft areattributed negative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sTobacco Impact: $292.4 MThe negative impact of addiction tonicotine from smoking and other tobaccoproducts as well as the negative impactof secondhand smoke is well researched.Companies involved with the production,distribution, and/or sale of tobaccoproducts are attributed negativeHumankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sTravel Injuries Impact: $271.3 MMotor vehicle injuries on the road areone of the leading causes of death andinjury around the world. Companies involvedwith the production, distribution, andsale of motor vehicles are attributednegative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sFood Loss Impact: $178.1 MThe food production pipeline spans fromthe ground where crops are grown, to harvest,to transport to grocery stores and foodservices, and eventually to the consumer.Food loss occurs during the early stages ofthe food production pipeline from harvestinguntil transport. Companies involved in theharvest, storage, transport, or other earlystages of the food production pipeline arededucted Humankind Value for food loss.Alphabet, Inc.'sDiscrimination Impact: $157.6 MDiscrimination in the workplace is harassmentor other negative actions based on animmutable characteristic of an employee.Discrimination in the workplace can causemental and physical harm to the victim andharm their career. In addition, perpetualworkplace discrimination can result indecreased productivity, increased employeeturnover, and other consequences thatnegatively impact the economy. Companies whoengage in or tolerate workplace discriminationare attributed negative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sCalorie Conversion Impact: $119.0 MCrops harvested for food provide thecalories necessary for human life. Whilecompanies involved in growing and producingfood yield a large amount of Humankindvalue, if crops are diverted for theproduction of secondary food items, likemeat or dairy, calories are lost. A negativeHumankind Value adjustment reflectsthis conversion of calories.Alphabet, Inc.'sWar Impact: $81.4 MMilitary interventions or internalconflicts result in deaths, displacedpeople, and lost income and livelihoodsthrough production losses and destroyedinfrastructure. Companies involved inthe production and sale of weapons of warare attributed negative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sFood Addiction Impact: $81.2 MFood addiction is a behavioral patternwhere one loses the ability to controlwhat and how much they eat. This can leadto obesity, which lowers life expectancyand quality of life. Companies involvedwith production, distribution, and sale ofhighly addictive food are attributednegative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sOpioid Abuse Impact: $60.6 MOpioid drugs produced by certainpharmaceutical companies can causeaddiction, which has led to numerousdeaths worldwide due to overdoses.Companies involved in the productionand/or sale of addictive opioid drugsare attributed negative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sNoise Pollution Impact: $39.6 MExposure to elevated noise levels can havenegative mental and physical health effectssuch as anxiety, loss of sleep, andhypertension. It has also been shown thatexposure to noise pollution can acceleratecognitive decline. Companies shown to producenoise pollution are attributed negativeHumankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sUyghur Slave Labor Impact: $38.9 MOver one million Chinese citizens from theTurkic Muslim ethnic populations in Xinjianghave been deported from their homes to forcedlabor re-education camps run by the Chinesegovernment. This results in obvious physicaland mental harm to the victims of slavery butalso the families of the victims. Companieswhose supply chains are linked to these forcedlabor camps are attributed negative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sDisordered Gambling Impact: $38.2 MGambling addiction is a behavioral patternwhere one loses the ability to control theurge to gamble. Addiction can result inharm to one’s social and professional lifeand physical and mental health. Gamblingaddiction has the additional impact ofcausing financial ruin to the addicted.Alphabet, Inc.'sPrivate Prisons Impact: $36.1 MThe United States has the highest rate ofincarceration in the world. The is due to overlyharsh, potentially racially motivated tough-on-crimelaws passed during the 1960s and 1970s. It isestimated that some of those incarcerated provideno public safety benefit. In general, incarcerationbears a total social cost on society per personincarcerated. This total social cost represents anexternal cost to society for those incarcerated forno public safety benefit. This external cost isdistributed to the United States government andprivately run prisons based on the proportion of thoseincarcerated that they house.Alphabet, Inc.'sAlcohol Impact: $26.0 MThe negative impact of addiction to alcoholis well researched. In addition to physicaleffects on the addicted person, inebriationdue to alcohol consumption can increase thepropensity to engage in potentially harmfulor deadly behavior like drunk driving.Companies involved with the production,distribution, and/or sale of alcoholicbeverages are attributed negative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sBreastmilk Substitutes Impact: $25.0 MWhile breastmilk substitutes are sometimesnecessary, their usage has resulted in manychildhood deaths due to increased transmissionof early childhood infections through prepared formula.Our research has also shown positive impact for mothersthat breastfeed in reduced incidence of certain cancersand diabetes. Companies involved in the production andsale of breastmilk substitutes are attributednegative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sPlastic Pollution Impact: $17.9 MPlastic pollution has a negative impacton the environment affecting, among otherthings, marine life and animal and humanhealth. Companies involved in the production,distribution, sale, and use of plasticsare attributed negative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sCivilian Firearms Impact: $7.7 MCivilian possession of firearms has ledto injuries and deaths, both accidentaland otherwise. Companies involved in theproduction, distribution, or sale offirearms or ammunition are attributednegative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sAdult Entertainment Impact: $4.5 MAddiction to adult entertainment can resultin harm to one’s social and professionallife and physical and mental health.Specifically, it can rewire one’s brainsuch that it becomes very difficult to formintimate relationships, a basic human need.Alphabet, Inc.'sFermentation Impact: $2.4 MThe efficiency of food processing methods and theresulting impact on calories available for humanconsumption varies across the spectrum of human foodsand beverages. The fermentation reaction, which convertssugars into alcohol by means of yeast, has a relativelysmall caloric loss ratio when compared to the inefficienciesof meat or dairy products. By applying this loss factor,the benefit from the caloric intake associated with theconsumption of alcoholic beverages is appropriately reduced.Alphabet, Inc.'sNuclear Power Impact: $2.1 MNuclear power, while producing a negligibleamount of greenhouse gases, can result inradiation pollution due to the mining ofuranium, disposal of depleted uranium, andfrom other steps in the nuclear fuel cycle.There is also the risk of a nuclear meltdownat a nuclear power plant which hascatastrophic consequences for peopleand the environment.Alphabet, Inc.'sFor Profit Healthcare Impact: $1.9 MOur research finds that for-profithealthcare providers deliver a lowerquality of healthcare, resulting in anincreased risk of death for patients.Companies involved in for-profit healthcareare attributed negative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sNon-Plastic Water Pollution Impact: $1.1 MWater pollution from fertilizer use inagriculture leads to the development andgrowth of hypoxic zones in large watermasses, leading to the destruction ofmarine life. Companies involved in theproduction, distribution, sale, or use offertilizer in agriculture are attributednegative Humankind Value.Alphabet, Inc.'sChild Labor: Mining in DRC Impact: $606.2 KChild labor is a systemic problem in developing economiesand imposes a broad range of region specific and culturespecific externalities. Patterns of exploitative child laborin the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been analyzed tothe extent that they contribute to global supply chains.Alphabet, Inc.'sPayday Lending Impact: $266.5 KPayday loans are short term loans, usuallyaround two weeks, that charge an exorbitantinterest rate. These types of loans are typicallyused by low-income individuals that need cash forexpenses they cannot afford at the time.Unfortunately, lenders of these types of loan donot always fully inform borrowers of the terms ofthese loans and the borrowers are not always fullyaware of the ramifications of using these types ofloans or potential alternatives. For those borrowers,the exorbitant interest rate paid on these loansrepresent an internal cost that is attributed as asocial harm on the providers of these loans.